Schwann cells, the cells of the peripheral nerve that produce myelin, play an important role in the repair of the injured peripheral nerve by providing both physical and trophic support. Indeed, it is thought that Schwann cells are a key to the ability of the peripheral nerve to repair to a much greater extent after injury than the spinal cord. Schwann cells are known to create an artificial means of guiding the regrowth of axons to facilitate nerve regeneration. Schwann cells also release neurotrophic factors that stimulate regeneration and repair of damaged neurons and can remyelinate demyelinated or newly sprouted axons. New clinical trials testing the safety of Schwann cells transplantation in SCI are underway. Thus, Schwann cells, like stem cells, are a promising potential treatment, although many questions about the safety and effectiveness remain to be answered.